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Urdu alphabets and pronunciation

10 most common Turkish greetings:

Turkish alphabets:

Letters.    Sound.       Pronunciation

Leisure 

Poet: W.H Davies

What is this life if, full of care,

We have no time to stand and stare.

No time to stand beneath the boughs

And stare as long as sheep or cows.

No time to see, when woods we pass,

Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass.

No time to see, in broad daylight,

Streams full of stars, like skies at night.

No time to turn at Beauty's glance,

And watch her feet, how they can dance.

No time to wait till her mouth can

Enrich that smile her eyes began.

A poor life this if, full of care,

We have no time to stand and stare.

Q1. What are some of the simple delights we miss in our rushed life?

Q2. What are some of the things we miss because of lack of time?

The poem "Leisure" is a criticism on the sorry state of modern man. The ideas presented in the poem are thought provoking. The depth of these ideas is inspiring and motivating. William Davies rightly points out that our life is full of care. The worldly worries have snatched our freedom and we are always at the mercy of time. We cannot enjoy the beautiful scenes of sunset and sunrise. We grow blind to the beauty of the moon surrounded with the stars. The innocent pleasures of natural objects have little attraction for us. We are so much absorbed in our routine work that we pay little attention to the beauty spread around us. We are enslaved by hurry, burry and made race for success. We are enchained by our mechanical life. These things have made us sick at heart. This sickness has become deep rooted because we have compromised with it.

             The world of Nature surrounding us is full of freshness and beauty. Unfortunately, this freshness and beauty goes unnoticed because we are so much engaged in our own problems. We have no leisure to enjoy the healthful atmosphere of the hilly areas. We do not observe animals and birds busy with their different activities. We do not enjoy the dancing waves on the surface of a stream which reflect sunlight and present a beautiful scene. The scene is as captivating as the twinkling of the stars in the sky. Materialism has changed our thinking. Now we do not think that " A thing of beauty is a joy for ever" but, we believe that a thing of material benefit is a joy forever.

Q3. How would you define personification? The poet has used a personification. Can you point it out?

Personification is a poetic tool in which we treat Nature, non-human things and ideas as if they had human qualities or feelings. It is man's inborn tendency to provide lifeless things with activities and passions similar to his own. The Greeks personified the forces of nature as Gods. Shakespeare addresses many non-human things as if they had human personality. Keats calls the autumn a woman reaping and gathering harvest.

        In the poem "leisure" the poet has conveyed his ideas by means of colorful natural images. He has enriched these ideas with a personification of beauty.

      " No time to turn at Beauty's glance

         And watch her feet, how they can dance"

Beauty is neither a thing nor a person. But is is an idea. The poet, however, presents it as a person, who has eyes, feet and lips and can smile and dance. Beauty begins smiling through her charming eyes and then it gracefully run towards her lips, the poet want to say that we are so much engrossed in our daily routine that we cannot spare a few moments but stop and gaze at the beauty of the beautiful nature. The poem is full of freshness and beauty but, it ends on a sorry note. It bemoans that modern man is enslaved by the rough and tough routine of his life and has no leisure to enjoy this  dancing, smiling and swinging beauty.

Reference to the context:

Q. Explain with reference to the context.

     A poor life this is full of care

        We have no time to stand and stare

    These lines have been taken from the poem "Leisure" written by William Davies. The poem is a criticism on the sorry state of modern man. The ideas presented in the poem have deep meanings. William Davies rightly points out that our life is full of care. The worldly worries have snatched our freedom and we are always at the mercy of time. We are enslaved by hurry, worry and mad race for success. These things have made us sick at heart.

Explanation:

In the given lines the poet criticizes the modern man who has grown blind to the beauty spread around him. The world of nature surrounding him is full of beauty and freshness. But his life is full of worldly worries and cares. He has no time to stand and stare at the beauty of things surrounding all around him. He has no leisure to enjoy the healthy atmosphere of the hilly areas. The worldly worries have snatched his freedom and his life has become dull and colorless.

Q. Explain the following with reference to the context.

      No time to see, when woods we pass

      Where squirells hide their nuts in grass

      No time to see in broad daylight

      Streams full of stars, like skies at night

These lines have been taken from the poem "Leisure" written by William Davies. The poem is a criticism on the sorry state of modern man. The ideas presented in the poem have deep meanings. William Davies rightly points out that our life is full of care. The worldly worries have snatched our freedom and we are always at the mercy of time. We are enslaved by hurry, worry and mad race for success. These things have made us sick at heart.

Explanation:

In the given lines the poet says that we are so much absorbed in our work that we cannot enjoy the beauty spread around us. We do not have enough time to observe various activities going on in the world of nature. We ignore the beauty and activities of various animals when we pass through the woods. Similarly, we do not enjoy dancing waves on the surface of a stream which reflect sunlight and present a beautiful scene. The scene is no less beautiful than the sight of the stars twinkling in the sky. The scene is so captivating. But we cannot enjoy the beauty of things and the beauty of various sights because of our busy routine work.

Q. Explain the following with reference to the context.

No Time to turn at beauty's glance

And watch her feet, how they can dance

No time to wait till her mouth can

Enrich that smile her eyes began

These lines have been taken from the poem "Leisure" written by William Davies. The poem is a criticism on the sorry state of modern man. The ideas presented in the poem have deep meanings. William Davies rightly points out that our life is full of care. The worldly worries have snatched our freedom and we are always at the mercy of time. We are enslaved by hurry, worry and mad race for success. These things have made us sick at heart.

Explanation:

In the given lines the poet criticizes the modern man who has grown blind to the loveliness spread around him. The poet want to say that epwe are so engaged in our daily routine work that we cannot spend a few moments to stop and gaze at the beauty of nature dancing like a beautiful woman. Here the poet has used personification for nature as a beautiful woman dancing and smiling with her charming eyes. The poet says that we have not enough time to see the smile that begins through her charismatic eyes and then gracefully  runs towards her lips. Her beauty make the whole atmosphere so charming. But the modern man is deprived of such ecstatic moments of life. He is enslaved by the rough and tough routine of his life and has no leisure to enjoy this dancing, smiling and swinging beauty.

Benefits of trees:

The benefits that trees provide from social, communal, environmental, and economic perspectives.
Most trees and shrubs in cities or communities are planted to provide beauty or shade. While these are excellent benefits, woody plants serve many other purposes.
 The benefits of trees can be grouped into social, communal, environmental, and economic categories. Social Benefits Human response to trees goes well beyond simply observing their beauty. We feel serene, peaceful, restful, and tranquil in a grove of trees. We are “at home” there.
The calming effect of nearby trees and urban greening can significantly reduce workplace stress levels and fatigue, calm traffic, and even decrease the recovery time needed after surgery. Trees can also reduce crime. Apartment buildings with high levels of greenspace have lower crime rates than nearby apartments without trees. The stature, strength, and endurance of trees give them a cathedral-like quality. Because of their potential for long life, trees are frequently planted as living memorials. We often become personally attached to trees that we, or those we love, have planted.
The strong tie between people and trees is often evident when community residents speak out against the removal of trees to widen streets or rally to save a particularly large or historic tree.

Communal Benefits 

Even when located on a private lot, the benefits provided by trees can reach well out into the surrounding community. Likewise, largegrowing trees can come in conflict with utilities, views, and structures that are beyond the bounds of the owner’s property. With proper selection and maintenance, trees can enhance and function on one property without infringing on the rights and privileges of neighbors. City trees often serve several architectural and engineering functions. They provide privacy, emphasize views, or screen out objectionable views. They reduce glare and reflection. They direct pedestrian traffic. Trees also provide background to and soften, complement,  or enhance architecture. Trees bring natural elements and wildlife habitats into urban surroundings, all of which increase the quality of life for residents of  the community.

 Environmental Benefits 

Trees alter the environment in which we live by moderating climate, improving air quality, reducing stormwater runoff, and harboring wildlife. Local climates are moderated from extreme sun, wind, and rain. Radiant energy from the sun is absorbed or deflected by leaves on deciduous trees in the summer and is only filtered by branches of deciduous trees in winter. The larger the tree, the greater the cooling effect. By using trees in the cities, we can moderate the heat-island effect caused by pavement and buildings in commercial areas. Wind speed and direction is affected by trees. The more compact the foliage on the tree or group of trees, the more effective the windbreak. Rainfall, sleet, and hail are absorbed or slowed by trees, providing some protection for people, pets, and buildings. Trees intercept water, store some of it, and reduce stormwater runoff. Air quality is improved through the use of trees, shrubs, and turf. Leaves filter the air we breathe by removing dust and other particulates. Rain then washes the pollutants to the ground. Leaves absorb the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and store carbon as growth. Leaves also absorb other air pollutants – such as ozone, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide – and release oxygen.
By planting trees and shrubs, we return developed areas to a more natural environment that is  attractive to birds and wildlife. Ecological cycles of plant growth, reproduction, and decom-  position are again present, both above and below ground. Natural harmony is restored to the  urban environment.

Economic Benefits

 Property values of landscaped homes are 5 to 20 percent higher than those of non-landscaped homes. Individual trees and shrubs have value, but the variability of species, size, condition, and function makes determining their economic value difficult. The economic benefits of trees are both direct and indirect. Direct economic benefits are usually associated with energy costs. Air-conditioning costs are lower in a  tree-shaded home. Heating costs are reduced when a home has a windbreak. Trees increase in value as they grow.  Trees, as part of a well maintained landscape, can add value to your home.   T he indirect economic benefits of trees within a community are even greater. Customers pay lower electricity bills when power companies build fewer new facilities to meet peak demands, use reduced amounts of fossil fuel in their furnaces, and use fewer measures to control air pollution. Communities can also save money if fewer facilities must be built to control stormwater in the region. To the individual, these savings may seem small, but to the community as a whole, reductions in these expenses are often substantial.

Trees Require an Investment 

Trees provide numerous aesthetic and economic benefits, but also incur some costs. Investing in a tree’s maintenance will help to return the benefits you desire. T he costs associated with large tree removal and replacement can be significant. In addition, the economic and environmental benefits produced by a young replacement tree are minimal when compared to those of a mature specimen. Extending the functional lifespan of large, mature trees with routine maintenance can delay these expenses and maximize returns. An informed home owner can be responsible for many tree maintenance practices. Corrective pruning and mulching gives young trees a good start. Shade trees, however, quickly grow to a size that may require the services of a professional arborist. Arborists have the knowledge and equipment needed to prune, treat, fertilize, and otherwise maintain a large tree. Your garden center owner, university extension agent, community forester, or consulting arborist can answer questions about tree maintenance, suggest treatments, or recommend qualified arborists.

Basic Problems Of Micro Economics:

Classification of Economics:

Welfare Economics:

1. Price theory
2. Consumer's behavior theory
3. Behavior of the firm
4. Wealth distribution theory

Price theory:

Consumer's behavior theory:

Behavior of the firm:

Wealth distribution theory:

Importance of Micro Economics:

Merits:

Basic Problems of Microeconomic Theory:

Allocation of resources:

The determination of output composition:

Distribution of Product:

Maintenance and expansion of the productive capacity of the economy:

According to Prof. R.G.D. Alen:

E. Shapiro says:

According to Fisher and Dornbusch:

Prof. Boulding:

Prof. G. Ackley writes:

1. National Income and Employment theory
2. Business cycle
3. Money and Banking
4. Public finance
5. International Trade

• National income and Employment Theory:

Concept of national income, its determinants and equilibrium of national income is discussed in macro economics.

• Business cycle:

Different phases of business cycle, its properties, hypothesis and its remedial measures are discussed under it.

• Money and Banking:

Concept of money and its function are described here, and also taken into view the effects of changing in the value of money. Functions of central and commercial banks, tools of monetary policy and its objectives, are taken into account.

• Public Finance:

Sources of government revenue, items of expenditure tools and objectives of fiscal policy, Principles of taxation and need of debt, is explained in this part.

• International Trade:

In this part we discuss the theories of International trade, balance of payments, International financial institutions, volume and value of imports/exports etc.

"Merits"

Now we take into account the merits of macro economics:

1. Economic planning is needed for comprehensive allocation of national resources, and it has to be discussed under macroeconomic analysis.
2. There is a need of such policies at national level for economic stability, which create harmony and correlate individual decisions.
3. Mostly economic problem arise at national and international level, eg. global inflation, recession, unemployment, over population, oil crises and disorder in balance payments, which may be solved through national and international policies.
4. Government responsibilities have increased now-a-days with the establishment of industries and welfare works. So the importance if macro school of thought has increased.
5. Certain decisions are not to be taken at individual level, these decisions should be taken at macro level for example, increase in wage, savings and investments: government subsidies relate in taxes. Moreover, imposition of new taxes or an increase in the rate of taxes going on etc, is the subject matter of macro economics.

Limitations:

1. Macro economics cannot depict the effect and response of various sectosectors and entities at the collective decisions taken at national level.
2. Macro economics cannot judge, any disturbance in any sector of the economy, moreover, remedial measures cannot be made to remove it, example: through aggregate investment and aggregate saving, we cannot judge in which sector there are less savings and income.
3. Aggregate view of the economy cannot present the clear picture of all the firms and institutions, because some firms flourish in even recession and some industries face deficit in boom period also. So the remedial measures taken to reduce the intensity if business cycle can be harmful for such few firms and institutions.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded after having a detail view of micro and macro analysis that for analyzing economic problems and their remedial measures both should be adopted. The problems that are related to macro economics essentially need a study of their minor aspects and same in the case with the problem related too micro economics.

So, both analysis are important, for analyzing economic problems and making economic policies, both view points should be considered and none of them can be neglected because it results in retention of many flaws in economic analysis and consequence of such adopted policies can be dangerous.

This aim of both school of thoughts is same. In price determination and in the solution of basic problems of economic system. Price mechanism plays an important role that relates to micro school of thought. Macro analysis plays an important role in decreasing the intensity of price distortion, achievement of full employment level and to eradicate economic problems are essential for economic analysis.

Chapter 1

FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE:

Scope of political science : 

I.     Political Theory : 

II.  Political Institutions : 

III. Political Parties : 

IV.  International Relations : 

1. Scope of political science concerning the state : 

2. Scope of political science with reference to human rights: 

3. Scope of political science in relation to government : 

1.2 POLITICAL SCIENCE AS ART OR SCIENCE: 

1.3 THE TWO FACES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE: 

1.4 NORMATIVE / EMPIRICAL STUDIES:

1.5 BEHAVIOURALIST MOVEMENT:

POST – BEHAVIOURALISM:

1.6 POLITICAL SCIENCE AND OTHER SOCIAL AND HUMAN SCIENCES: